Project Management Is The Essential Part Of An Organization

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project Management is the essential part of an organization to take necessary efforts to create a product or a result. As the organization grows large the complexity and the risk factors goes high. Each project has a project manager. Managers have to monitor and coordinate different projects at the same time and it is an art or skill to getting things done by others. Every project has its life cycle that means a start and end point. Some may be successful and some may not. There are some critical factors which restrict from success and eventually lead to project failure. Apart from the critical factors, all organisations should have clear understanding of why particular project is important. Is this project is prioritized? .WHAT to achieve, WHEN and HOW to complete the project (Sara, Amaya ,Angel,Pedro,2013). Primary analysis of these questions are necessary for the success.For a project â€Å"requirement and specification† plays a vital role. Design, planning, use of resource s and cost estimation of a project are done based on the requirement and specification. A project with well defined objectives with efficient definitions shows the way to success.Functions of Project Management includes activities such as planning, cost control, quality control, risk management and safety management in order to achieve project goals (Sara, Amaya ,Angel,Pedro,2013) . 1.0 INTRODUCTION Successful project always have an effective assessment andShow MoreRelatedProject Management Is The Essential Part Of An Organization2759 Words   |  12 PagesExecutive Summary Project Management is the essential part of an organization to take necessary efforts to create a product or a result. As the organization grows large the complexity and the risk factors goes high. Each project has a project manager. Managers have to monitor and coordinate different projects at the same time and it is an art or skill to getting things done by others. Every project has its life cycle that means a start and end point. Some may be successful and some may not. ThereRead MoreA Project Manager For A Company That Utilizes Informal Project Management Techniques948 Words   |  4 Pages1. You are a project manager for a company that utilizes informal project management techniques. Thirty days into the project you realize that the team is not communicating effectively and dates are starting to slip. What two actions might you take to correct this situation? Communication is one of the four columns of informal project management. If communication channels are not been used, or if information is not flowing effectively and efficiently, then the whole methodology is compromised,Read MoreAbstract. Project Management Is An Essential Tool Which1713 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Project management is an essential tool which benefits businesses. There are numerous positions relating to it, but is it enough to categorize it as a profession? 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Capital Cycle In order to be a great leader / manager one must understand capital cycle and how to achieve and maintain the organizations components. The working capital cycle comprises of four parts: cash, creditors, inventory, and debtors. A successful cash-flow management would mean a completeRead MoreCommunication Project Management Plan And Communication Plan1454 Words   |  6 Pagesaspects of project management. There are an infinite number of projects that has failed due to communication within the project team and the project stakeholders. Communication plan, and stakeholder management plan are one of the most important parts of project management. These two plans are the key for the project to complete successfully. There have been many organizations that do not implement or the stakeholder management plan and communication plan for their project. During the project life cycleRead MoreProject Job Satisfaction1432 Words   |  6 PagesPROJECT TITLE: JOB SATISFACTION AT MNC BANK DATE: 27th JULY 2009 PROJECT OUTLINE: Part I Executive Summary Part II Company Background Company Details Organizational Structure Organization Environment Part III Research Analysis- Job Satisfaction Work /Life Balance; Stress and Work Pace Personal Expression / Diversity Communication Respect for Employees Feedback Fairness Teamwork Opportunities for Growth Compensation and Benefits Part IV Recommendations to Management HR Policies and ProceduresRead MoreEagle Ottawa And Contemporary Management Techniques1068 Words   |  5 PagesEagle Ottawa and Contemporary Management Techniques Eagle Ottawa supplies leather for the automotive industry and routinely applies many contemporary management techniques including, but not limited to, total quality management, sustainability, benchmarking, lean management and the theory of constraints (Korc, S., personal communication, 2016). 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Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - 1548 Words

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, by Frederick Douglass, is a poignant account of Douglass’ experiences as a slave in America. Born in Tuckahoe, Douglass, like most slaves, knew neither his birthday nor his father, although some suspected his master, Captain Anthony, of fulfilling the role of the latter. Later, during his time in Baltimore, Douglass learned not only the alphabet, but also taught himself how to read and write. It was during his self-education that Douglass began to loathe his masters and other slave owners, and became restless at the prospect of being a slave for the rest of his life. Under Mr. Freeland’s ownership, Douglass and a group of his fellow slaves came up with a strategy to escape their bondage, and†¦show more content†¦Another example is later when Douglass came into the possession of Mr. Freeland, he began to teach his fellow slaves how to read. On Sundays, he would hold a Sabbath school, where around 40 slaves would come to the house of a free colored man to learn how to read and write. Those who attended Sabbath School genuinely enjoyed it and were willing to risk thirty-nine lashes just for the opportunity to learn. Douglass used his position as a teacher to also impress upon his students the evils of slavery. Because of the mental stimulation provided by their Sabbath school learning, the slaves who attended it were able to use their critical thinking skills acquired in that school to thoughtfully consider their enslavement. Upon considering their captivity, they were enraged at the injustice and inequality of the situation, as evidenced by being open to trying Douglass’ escape plan. Additionally, in the included letter from Wendell Phillips, Phillips wrote about how he knew Douglass’ book presented the whole truth about slavery. He went on to say it was thanks to Douglass’ work (especially his book), and the work of others like him that many would see the necessity of abolit ionism. Education in this context is not about learning to read or write, but about understanding a subject one is not familiar with. While many in the North were familiar with slavery, they were not fully aware of the atrocitiesShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives wa s lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

Managerial Ethics Evidence and Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Managerial Ethics for Evidence and Analysis. Answer: Introduction Ethical dilemmas are occurrences that challenge a persons ability in deciding a course of action that is most ethical (Brown and Trevio, 2006). Regardless of the choice made, there are always some undesired consequences. There are always values that guide on all decision making in such situations. According to Rozuel and Kakabadse (2010) ethics is the appropriate and desirable morals and values of an individual or society. This report will focus on the application of utilitarian and virtue based ethical theories when deciding the course of action in a dilemma and the essence of leadership in the same. This thesis explains the importance of following organisational core values and policies when facing ethical issues and making a choice that has most benefits as well as cultivating a culture of organisational ethics among all stakeholders. Wesfarmers limited started its operations in 1914 under the name of Western Australian Farmers cooperation. From its simple beginning as a farmers marketing association, the company has grown over the decades to one of the Australias largest company (Wesfarmers, 2017). The head quarters of the company are located in Western Australia. The company has diversified business operations that cover home improvement; supermarkets, convenience stores, hotels, liquor, office supplies, department stores and industrial division (energy, chemical fertilisers, safety products and coal) (Wesfarmers, 2017). Early 2016 Wesfarmers found itself embroiled in an account scandal of its apparel and general merchandise subsidiary Target. This discovery took place after Wesfarmers restructured Kmart and Target into a single department store (Wesfarmers, 2017). The new management was brought to attention about regarding treatment of some supplier accounts that needed investigation. Ernest and young the companys external auditor commenced investigation immediately (Wesfarmers, 2017). The investigations discovered artificial boosting of 2015-2016 half-year earnings by use of supplier rebates (Wesfarmers, 2017). This rebate agreement resulted to $21million worth of income that could not be supported yet was recognised in the stores earnings for that period. According to Wesfarmers (2017) these arrangement would have negligible effect in the stores financial report because any benefit of the kind effected in the first half of the year would have to be reverse in the second half due to increased production cost. This turn of events lead to resigning of the then managing director of Target as a sign of taking responsibility though he claimed that he was not aware of the of the accounting issue (Wesfarmers, 2017). Target is a Wesfarmers subsidiary department store that specialises in apparel and general merchandise in Australia. Target opened its doors in 1926 as a drapery store in Geelong, Victoria and operation name was Lindsay McKenzie Pty Ltd. The enterprise adapted the name Target in 1973. The department store currently has over 23,000 employees serving in various outlets across Australia (Target Australia Pty, 2017). Theoretical concepts According to Bevan and Corvellec (2007), utilitarian ethical theory puts into consideration the interest of all other people who might be affected by an action. The theory emphasises on the consequence of an action to stakeholders. With regard to the decisions made by the accounts department at Target, the managers did not take time to question about the effects their decision to accept rebate on the stakeholders of the company. The stakeholders include shareholders of the company, the company employees and the customers of the company. The doctoring of books to give an impression of good performance was risky affair. The actions erode shareholders trust of the management of the department store. This can affect how shareholders make key investment decisions of the company. The image of the company in the eye of the public and the companys customers is tainted by the scandal. This decision also affects employees who might pay for someone elses actions. Virtue based theory This theory emphasises doing the right thing at the right place and at the right time (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016). The theory is guided by qualities that define the right behaviour and the correct action to take. In most institutions this qualities appear in form of organisational core values and policies. Wesfarmers is a very big and established corporation with established guidelines and policies about handling different issues. According to (Wesfamers, 2017) the companys core values include: Integrity all stakeholders are expected to act ethically in all dealings. Therefore, the decision makers in the rebate saga needed to ask themselves if the deal they where undertaking met the companys ethical standards. Openness this factors in that human is to error and lesson are drawn from mistakes made while encouraging honest and openness in reporting, giving feedback and idea sharing. This is one value that the decision makers in accounting department overlooked and reported doctored figures was very dishonest. However, the then managing director of Target acknowledged the error and willingly accepted the consequences of his actions as the top manager. Accountability this core value give authority and the decision making power to divisions which in turn are expected to be accountable for performance and protect and promote the companys reputation. It is very clear that Targets accounting department abused this authority entrusted to them. The result of this was a scandal that put the entire company in bad light. The failure of the accounting team to acknowledge performance that was below expectations and strategises to make business better in the next half financial year resulted to artificially blotted report. Boldness this core value challenges the employees to move out of comfort zone and try new things that promote growth and sustainability of the business. The implementation of rebate at Target was a bold move that had negative effects to the company. According to virtue based ethical theory, Target managers had all the tools necessary to make the right decision that protected the organisations reputation and give clear direction on the actions that would be good for business growth. According to utilitarian and virtue based theories, the Target managers actions were unethical. The managers prioritised their personal interest and decided to falsify financial performance. Moreover, the disregard of the organisations core values is a serious issue and begs the question of whether the company has created a culture of compliance. However, the decision of Wesfarmers was ethical as they used the core values of the organisation to bring to book employees who were involved in rebate saga. Rozuel and Kakabadse (2010) explain ethics as the appropriate and desirable morals and values of an individual or society. An individuals intentions and purity are considered when ethical issues are in play as it is the baseline for good and bad in different settings. According to Rozuel and Kakabadse (2010) and Singer (2011), ethics is a key component in leadership, indentifies a leader, and is the role of a leader. According to Brown and Trevio (2006) public, religion or law can shape what is considered ethical. Ethical leadership is the kind of leadership that respects ethical believes, other peoples rights and dignity and values (Schminke (Ed.) 2011). The influence of a leader to followers in the pursuit of a common mission is of great importance. Therefore, the leaders cultivate an ethical environment in an organisation as well as formulate organisational values. Characteristics of an ethical leader According to Schminke (Ed.) (2011), an ethical leader should be respectful of others and not use his followers for personal gains. He should never judge or take sides but is expected to show compassion and kindness and be dignified all times. A leader is a servant of the people. Therefore, should put interest of his followers ahead of his (He Ho, 2011). He should treat people in a humane manner. According to Ford and Richardson (2013), fair and just treatment of all people is a very critical quality of an ethical leader. Morality is a component that a leader need to incorporate making judgement to avoid being impartial. Ethical leadership is community oriented and takes to heart the concerns of the community where he lives and works (He Ho, 2011). Therefore, a leader who has mastered ethics should be in favour of community development project and actively take part in the same. In addition, an effective leader should be a master of honesty in order to foster respect and give confidence to followers. When followers are confident in a leader it indicates that the leader can be relied on for major decisions. Leaders are the role models to their followers and therefore set the example behaviour expected in an organisation. To teach new followers the kind of corporate behaviour expected of them, there is need to apply the process of socialisation and culture (Akhter, Islam Uddin, 2009). Leaders should lead by action as the followers learn values by watching leaders putting them into action. This way the leader gains respect, confidence and trust among his followers. Leaders who take seriously ethical responsibility have greater sensitivity to the problems and needs of the followers, therefore, gain higher capacity of identifying emerging conflicts (Eon Rossouw Van Vuuren, 2010). Ethical leadership leads to effectiveness of the leader, satisfaction of the followers, increased dedication and problem solving at work. The leadership of Target should know that leadership is by example and that junior staff reciprocate what the leaders are doing. Therefore, by giving a false performance report sets a bad example to junior staff. Therefore, it is important that the managers lead by example, set, and adhere to high standards of work. Target should make compliance to values and policies a tradition for all employees. Value based leadership will result to employee satisfaction, loyalty to the company and compliance. Leadership Eon Rossouw and Van Vuuren (2010) describe leadership as the ability to guide teams, organisations or individuals. Different leaders use different styles to give directions to followers. These styles include: According to Bjugstad, Thach, Thompson and Morris (2006) this leadership style gives all decision-making powers to the leader (dictator). The subordinates are not allowed to give opinion of whatever kind. This kind of leadership has an advantage of giving room for quick decision-making as only one person determines the way forward for the rest of the group. The down side of this style is that biased decisions are made because no consultation is done and may only serve the interest of only a small group of people and some decisions may never be communicated to relevant personnels because the decision maker may choose not share the information. In this leadership style, the leader consults the team members in decision making therefore promoting social equality (Limsila and Ogunlana, 2008). Through this style teamwork, employee satisfaction and loyalty are evident. This is because team members share and understand the goal of the work they are doing and get motivated by knowing that their contributions to the team are value. The down side of this style is that the process of decision making takes a very long time as a very long chain of consultation has to be done thus major delays in project implementation may be common. The leader gives full decision-making authority to the followers and leaves the team to operate on its own. The communication in this style is free flowing and the leader does not use authority but only maintains contact with the team (Spears, 2010). This style is essential is developing personally in subordinates. It gives subordinates room for development and trains them on the need for taking initiative. These team members get motivation, satisfaction and morale in their work. Bjugstad, et al., (2006) observes that this style however put subordinates at a disadvantage because they do not have any guidance of a leader and therefore may take direction that is contrary to the main objective. It also results to difficulties in making major decisions. Decision-making According to Awasthi (2008) decision-making is the process of identifying and choosing alternatives to a problem depending on the preference of the person deciding. When making decisions two techniques are applicable. In group decision making Lu and Ruan (2007) observes that there are several styles that can be applied. These include: Decision making by consensus is a method aims to prevent parties of winners and losers. The majority give approval for an action and the minority agree and are comfortable to adopt the action. This method requires all parties involved to strike compromise position regarding the mater on the table. Voting method is used to decide by casting ballots to decide what happens to an issue. The majority wins the day regardless of how they have voted. This method has an individual making all the decisions. The available methods to use when coming up with a choice as an individual are: Use a Decisional balance sheet to list all advantages and disadvantages of all available options (IE, 2010). Additionally, a simple prioritization method can aid in choosing the alternative that presents the highest potential. Still one can choose an option most acceptable or go for one that is most suitable in solving the problem. Still a decision maker can choose to establish a criterion for automated decision-making ((Bhushan Rai, 2007).). The first step to getting a solution to an issue is first recognising that a problem exists and acknowledging that a decision is necessary (Bhushan Rai, 2007). At this stage, it important to ask, What is the problem? It is important to know the cause of the problem and the process and people involved in the problem and the extent of the problem. This happens through thorough research and is important in looking for the right solution. Brainstorm or evaluate alternative solutions This is done by comparing all available alternatives. It involves considering the advantages and disadvantages of the potential solutions and gathering all relevant information regarding the alternatives in order to give informed choice (Bjugstad, et al., 2006). After a detailed evaluation, make a decision on the choice of alternative best suited to solving the problem by considering the pros and cons of all listed alternatives. The best choice is always the alternative with the most advantages and the list disadvantages. Once the best plan to solve a problem is identified, it is important to focus all energies to putting the plan into action. After implementation, it is always good to evaluate the progress of the outcome. This aids in identifying if the plan is producing the desired result or not. It also assists in identifying where changes are necessary and determining if the whole process needs to continue or be halted Ethics, leadership and decision-making are intertwined subjects (Akhter, et al., 2009). A leader cannot command respect and act as a role model if the ethical culture of the community he leads is not in him. Therefore, the quality of character is very important and plays a key role in determining how decisions making takes place as well as the outcome of the decisions. Following the core values and policies of an organisation empowers a leader with the knowledge of what is expected of him and helps in giving guidelines for decision-making that is in line with the organisations values and missions. How to make decisions ethically Leaders in organisations can create a culture of talking ethics in work place. This internalises the reality of existence of ethical guidelines in employees and encourage living the talk (Adams McNicholas, 2007). Publishing the ethics guidelines and post them in different locations at work and evaluate all ethical actions. Make sure any unethical occurrence relating to work or taking place at work is followed up and the appropriate measures taken. This will instil the discipline of adhering to policies. Adams and McNicholas (2007) suggest that during interviews it is wise to select persons who show responsibility to ethical dilemma. Training employees on the same puts more weight on the topic and makes it a serious affair for the organisation. Reward employees who behave ethically to set example for their colleagues. According to Nieh and McLean (2011) in order to foster ethical decision-making a company needs to include ethical behaviour to business performance review. In reviewing how employees performed, it is important to appraise ethical decision making concerning business. Ensuring moral sensitivity of all stakeholders is also a way of enforcing ethical decision making in all aspect pertaining the business. Elbanna (2006) says that making all parties aware of the consequences of their actions highlights the importance of ethics. Pegging the desired behaviour to a reward, while attaching the undesired behaviour to a penalty is an effective way of inculcating ethical culture. In addition, the occurrence of this two needs monitoring to encourage act the desired way. To keep this culture running regular monitoring through customer and employee feedbacks and performance evaluations is important. Routine employee trainings to refresh on the importance of ethic need planned. All this monitoring procedures need to be budgeted for and enough resources allocated to keep the ethics fire burning. Elbanna (2006) suggest that it advisable to invite an independent team to review all the activities implemented be it business oriented or value oriented. This way an honest opinion about the state of affairs about implementation of ethics in decision-making will be give. This team will also suggest possible ways in which to better the program. Finally, it important to increase alertness on ethical decision-making every day and make it a routine and a daily practice and eventually convert the practice to an organisational culture. This is a practice that Wesfarmers can adopt on all its business and avert occurrence of scandals in future. Conclusion Wesfarmers is Australias largest retail shop that shot to limelight early 2016 by an accounting scandal at one of its subsidiary department store Target. This raised ethical and accountability questions about the top management of the department store and resulted to resignation of the managing director of the store. Those involved in making the accounting decision did not take their time to put into consideration what effects their actions would have on the companys stakeholders nor did they pay attention to the organisations core values and policies. Else, this mistake was avoidable. In addition, ethical leadership is paramount as it enables doing what is right at the right time and the right place. A culture of practicing ethics produces role models and respectable leaders. For a leader to lead effectively they have to adapt a leadership style that best suits their character and context of operations. This is important in good decision-making, as it will determine how decisions are made. When making decisions, it is wise to follow all the procedures for decision making from problem identification to outcome evaluations. Finally, this thesis has argues that leaders in organisations should strive to create a culture of ethics and accountability. To implement this, it is important to publishing the policies, communicating the policies to all employees and rewarding those that act ethically and punishing those that do not comply with the requirement. Regular monitoring of this process is vital to ensure that the practice becomes a culture and eventually an organisational tradition. Bibliography Adams, C. A., McNicholas, P. (2007). Making a difference: Sustainability reporting, accountability and organisational change. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 20(3), 382-402. Akhter, I., Islam, S., Uddin, G. M. (2009). Managerial ethics: evidence and analysis in the context of Bangladesh's corporate sector. South Asian Journal of Management, 16(2),76. Awasthi, V. N. (2008). Managerial decision-making on moral issues and the effects of teaching ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 78(1-2), 207-223. Bevan, D., Corvellec, H. (2007). The impossibility of corporate ethics: For a Levinasian approach to managerial ethics. Business ethics: a European review, 16(3), 208-219. Brown, M. E., Trevio, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The leadership quarterly, 17(6), 595-616. Elbanna, S. (2006). Strategic decision?making: Process perspectives. International Journal of Management Reviews, 8(1), 1-20. Eon Rossouw, D., Van Vuuren, L. (2010). Business ethics. Oxford University Press, 2010. Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. In Citation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. He, L., Ho, S. J. K. (2011). Monitoring costs, managerial ethics and corporate governance: A modeling approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(4), 623-635. IE, V. (2010). Implementing shared decision making in the NHS. Bmj, 341, 971. Lu, J., Ruan, D. (2007). Multi-objective group decision making: methods, software and applications with fuzzy set techniques (Vol. 6). Imperial College Press. Nieh, L. C., McLean, G. N. (2011). Succession planning and managerial ethics in the retail industry. Organization Development Journal, 29(2), 35. Rozuel, C., Kakabadse, N. (2010). Ethics, spirituality and self: managerial perspective and leadership implications. Business Ethics: A European Review, 19(4), 423-436. Schminke, M. (Ed.). (2011). Managerial ethics: Managing the psychology of morality.Routledge. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016). Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Spears, L. C. (2010). Character and servant leadership: Ten characteristics of effective, caring leaders. The Journal of Virtues Leadership, 1(1), 25-30. Bhushan, N., Rai, K. (2007). Strategic decision making: applying the analytic hierarchy process. Springer Science Business Media. Voon, M. L., Lo, M. C., Ngui, K. S., Ayob, N. B. (2011). The influence of leadership styles on employees job satisfaction in public sector organizations in Malaysia. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences, 2(1), 24-32. Bjugstad, K., Thach, E. C., Thompson, K. J., Morris, A. (2006). A fresh look at followership: A model for matching followership and leadership styles. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 7(3), 304. Limsila, K., Ogunlana, S. O. (2008). Performance and leadership outcome correlates of leadership styles and subordinate commitment. Engineering, construction and architectural management, 15(2), 164-184. Singer, P. (2011). Practical ethics. Cambridge university press. Wesfarmers (2017) www.wesfarmers.com.au/ retrieved on 22/01/2017 Target Australia Pty (2017) www.target.com.au/company/ accessed on 23/01/2017

Mississippi Burning free essay sample

Film Review: Mississippi Burning By Kelly Johnson In Mississippi June 1964, three civil rights workers were murdered after being released from jail for speeding. The movie, directed by Alan Parker is based on a true story of the FBI investigation on the MIBURN case to find the three civil rights workers. Around this time African-Americans were found to be inferior compared to the white Anglo-Saxon Christian members of Mississippi. Agent Alan Ward tries everything to solve the case within the books, but his partner Agent Rupert Anderson, a former sheriff in Mississippi, understands the local culture and knows the case won’t be solved abiding by the books. Together they go through a diversity of leads and come up empty-handed, until the town sheriff’s wife (Frances McDormand) steps  forward  and reveals some shocking information. In order to solve the case, the two contrasting agents must not only overcome the hostility of the local authorities and the black community but challenge with their own differences as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Mississippi Burning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But even with Mississippi Burning being based on a true story, it is not a documentary. This movie is a gritty police drama, bloody, passionate and sometimes surprisingly funny about the efforts of Agent Alan Ward and Agent Rupert Anderson into the disappearances of these three men. Few men could be more opposite than these two agents Anderson and Ward. With Anderson believing in keeping a low profile, by hanging around the barber shop, sort of smelling out the likely perpetrators, while Ward believes in a show of force and calls in hundreds of federal agents and even the  National  Guard to search for the missing workers. The film which stars, Gene Hackman (who was nominated for best actor, 1988), Frances McDormand (nominated for best supporting actress, 1988), Willem Dafoe and Brad Dourif won the academy award for best cinematography in 1989. Set in the U. S state of Mississippi in 1964 the film looks at how terrible and pointless racism was and still is. The film is based on the prejudice ways of the â€Å"whites† against the â€Å"coloured† because of their beliefs and skin colour. In Mississippi Burning there is rally at the park where the head of the KKK (Ku Klux Klan) is telling the thousands of people gathered how he loves being â€Å"white† and loves the fact that his town is segregated into white and black. The camera work is used in this scene to show us the crowd cheering and clapping with kids as young as 3 cheering along with them. The kids are being brought up to believe that this is the right way to live and this shows how the white Americans were being inspired to take action against the coloured from when they have been born. One of the KKK’s wives, Mrs Pell was holding onto a â€Å"Negro’s† baby when her husband storms home to see her accompanying a coloured women and comments â€Å"Pity, they look so cute while their young. † This shows how the Anglo-Saxon Christian’s felt superior to the coloured as even before they have learned to walk they are being discriminated for just having a different skin colour.